构建模型三要素与权重初始化

tech2024-03-26 53

1 模型三要素三要素其实很简单

必须要继承nn.Module这个类，要让PyTorch知道这个类是一个Module 在__init__(self)中设置好需要的组件，比如conv，pooling，Linear，BatchNorm等等最后在forward(self,x)中用定义好的组件进行组装，就像搭积木，把网络结构搭建出来，这样一个模型就定义好了我们来看一个例子：先看__init__(self)函数

def init(self): super(Net,self).init() self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3,6,5) self.pool1 = nn.MaxPool2d(2,2) self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6,16,5) self.pool2 = nn.MaxPool2d(2,2) self.fc1 = nn.Linear(1655,120) self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120,84) self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84,10) 第一行是初始化，往后定义了一系列组件。nn.Conv2d就是一般图片处理的卷积模块，然后池化层，全连接层等等。

定义完这些定义forward函数

def forward(self,x): x = self.pool1(F.relu(self.conv1(x))) x = self.pool2(F.relu(self.conv2(x))) x = x.view(-1,1655) x = F.relu(self.fc1(x)) x = F.relu(self.fc2(x)) x = self.fc3(x) return x x为模型的输入，第一行表示x经过conv1，然后经过激活函数relu，然后经过pool1操作第三行表示对x进行reshape，为后面的全连接层做准备

至此，对一个模型的定义完毕，如何使用呢？

例如：

net = Net() outputs = net(inputs) 其实net(inputs),就是类似于使用了net.forward(inputs)这个函数。

2 参数初始化简单地说就是设定什么层用什么初始方法，初始化的方法会在torch.nn.init中

话不多说，看一个案例：

定义权值初始化

def initialize_weights(self): for m in self.modules(): if isinstance(m,nn.Conv2d): torch.nn.init.xavier_normal_(m.weight.data) if m.bias is not None: m.bias.data.zero_() elif isinstance(m,nn.BatchNorm2d): m.weight.data.fill_(1) m.bias.data.zero_() elif isinstance(m,nn.Linear): torch.nn.init.normal_(m.weight.data,0,0.01) # m.weight.data.normal_(0,0.01) m.bias.data.zero_() 这段代码的基本流程就是，先从self.modules()中遍历每一层，然后判断更曾属于什么类型，是否是Conv2d，是否是BatchNorm2d，是否是Linear的，然后根据不同类型的层，设定不同的权值初始化方法，例如Xavier，kaiming，normal_等等。kaiming也是MSRA初始化，是何恺明大佬在微软亚洲研究院的时候，因此得名。

上面代码中用到了self.modules()，这个是什么东西呢？

self.modules的源码

def modules(self): for name,module in self.named_modules(): yield module 功能就是：能依次返回模型中的各层，yield是让一个函数可以像迭代器一样可以用for循环不断从里面遍历（可能说的不太明确）。

3 完整运行代码我们用下面的例子来更深入的理解self.modules(),同时也把上面的内容都串起来（下面的代码块可以运行）:

import torch import torch.nn as nn import torch.nn.functional as F from torch.utils.data import Dataset,DataLoader

class Net(nn.Module): def init(self): super(Net, self).init() self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, 6, 5) self.pool1 = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2) self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5) self.pool2 = nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2) self.fc1 = nn.Linear(16 * 5 * 5, 120) self.fc2 = nn.Linear(120, 84) self.fc3 = nn.Linear(84, 10)

def forward(self, x): x = self.pool1(F.relu(self.conv1(x))) x = self.pool2(F.relu(self.conv2(x))) x = x.view(-1, 16 * 5 * 5) x = F.relu(self.fc1(x)) x = F.relu(self.fc2(x)) x = self.fc3(x) return x def initialize_weights(self): for m in self.modules(): if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d): torch.nn.init.xavier_normal_(m.weight.data) if m.bias is not None: m.bias.data.zero_() elif isinstance(m, nn.BatchNorm2d): m.weight.data.fill_(1) m.bias.data.zero_() elif isinstance(m, nn.Linear): torch.nn.init.normal_(m.weight.data, 0, 0.01) # m.weight.data.normal_(0,0.01) m.bias.data.zero_()

net = Net() net.initialize_weights() print(net.modules()) for m in net.modules(): print(m) 运行结果：

这个是print(net.modules())的输出

这个是第一次从net.modules()取出来的东西，是整个网络的结构

Net( (conv1): Conv2d(3, 6, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1)) (pool1): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (conv2): Conv2d(6, 16, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1)) (pool2): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) (fc1): Linear(in_features=400, out_features=120, bias=True) (fc2): Linear(in_features=120, out_features=84, bias=True) (fc3): Linear(in_features=84, out_features=10, bias=True) )

从net.modules()第二次开始取得东西就是每一层了

Conv2d(3, 6, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1)) MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) Conv2d(6, 16, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1)) MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False) Linear(in_features=400, out_features=120, bias=True) Linear(in_features=120, out_features=84, bias=True) Linear(in_features=84, out_features=10, bias=True) 其中呢，并不是每一层都有偏执bias的，有的卷积层可以设置成不要bias的，所以对于卷积网络参数的初始化，需要判断一下是否有bias，（不过我好像记得bias默认初始化为0？不确定，有知道的朋友可以交流）

torch.nn.init.xavier_normal(m.weight.data) if m.bias is not None: m.bias.data.zero_() 上面代码表示用xavier_normal方法对该层的weight初始化，并判断是否存在偏执bias，若存在，将bias初始化为0。

4 尺寸计算与参数计算我们把上面的主函数部分改成：

net = Net() net.initialize_weights() layers = {} for m in net.modules(): if isinstance(m,nn.Conv2d): print(m) break 这里的输出m就是：

Conv2d(3, 6, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1)) 这个卷积层，就是我们设置的第一个卷积层，含义就是：输入3通道，输出6通道，卷积核5×5,步长1，padding=0.

【问题1：输入特征图和输出特征图的尺寸计算】

之前的文章也讲过这个了,

output=input+2×padding−kernelstride+1

用代码来验证一下这个公式：

net = Net() net.initialize_weights() input = torch.ones((16,3,10,10)) output = net.conv1(input) print(input.shape) print(output.shape) 初始结果：

torch.Size([16, 3, 10, 10]) torch.Size([16, 6, 6, 6]) 第一个维度上batch，第二个是通道channel，第三个和第四个是图片（特征图）的尺寸。

10+2×0−51+1=6 算出来的结果没毛病。

【问题2：这个卷积层中有多少的参数？】输入通道是3通道的，输出是6通道的，卷积核是5×5的，所以理解为6个3×5×5的卷积核，所以不考虑bias的话，参数量是3×5×5×6=450,考虑bais的话，就每一个卷积核再增加一个偏置值。（这是一个一般人会忽略的知识点欸） http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=82 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=83 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=84 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=85 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=86 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=87 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=88 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=89 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=90 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=91 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=92 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=93 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=94 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=95 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=96 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=97 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=98 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=99 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=100 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=101 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=102 http://bbs.quyouji.com/topic.asp?id=103 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下面用代码来验证：

net = Net() net.initialize_weights() for m in net.modules(): if isinstance(m,nn.Conv2d): print(m) print(m.weight.shape) print(m.bias.shape) break 输出结果是：

Conv2d(3, 6, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1)) torch.Size([6, 3, 5, 5]) torch.Size([6]) 都和预料中一样。

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