（六）MySQL索引

tech2025-01-10 7

（六）MySQL索引

一、索引介绍

1.索引的介绍

索引是对数据库表中一列或者多列的值进行排序的一种结构，使用索引可提高数据库中特定数据的查询速度。

索引是一个单独的、存储在磁盘上的数据库结构，它们包含着对数据表里所有记录的引用指针。

使用索引用于快速找出在某个或多个列中有一特定值得行，所有MySQL列类型都可以被索引，对相关列使用索引是提高查询操作速度的最佳途径。

索引是在存储引擎中实现的，因此，每种存储引擎的索引都不一定完全相同，并且每种存储引擎也不一定支持索引类型。根据存储引擎定义每个表的最大索引数和最大索引长度。所有存储引擎支持每个表至少16个索引，总索引长度至少为256字节。

MyISAM ，InnoDB支持btree索引 Memory 支持 btree和hash索引。

2.索引的优势

加快查询速度创建唯一索引来保证数据表中数据的唯一性实现数据的完整性，加速表和表之间的连接减少分组和排序的时间

3.索引的劣势

增加索引也有许多不利，主要表现在如下几个方面：

创建索引和维护索引要耗费时间，并且随着数据量的增加所耗费的时间也会增加。索引需要占磁盘空间，除了数据表占数据空间之外，每一个索引还要占一定的物理空间，如果有大量的索引，索引文件可能比数据文件更快达到最大文件尺寸。当对表中的数据进行增加、删除和修改的时候，索引也要动态地维护，这样就降低了数据的维护速度。

4.索引的分类

(1)唯一索引和普通索引

普通索引是MySQL中的基本索引类型，允许在定义索引的列中插入重复值和空值。

唯一索引，索引列的值必须唯一，但允许有空值。如果是组合索引，则列值的组合必须唯一。

主键索引是一种特殊的唯一索引，不允许有空值。

(2)单列索引和组合索引

单列索引即一个索引只包含单个列，一个表可以有多个单列索引。

组合索引指在表的多个字段组合上创建的索引。只有在查询条件中使用了这些字段的左边字段时，索引才会被使用。使用组合索引时遵循最左前缀集合。

(3)全文索引 fulltext

全文索引类型为FULLTEXT，在定义索引的列上支持值得全文查找，允许在这些索引列中插入重复值和空值。全文索引可以在CHAR、VARCHAR或者TEXT类型的列上创建。MySQL中只有MyISAM存储引擎支持全文索引。

(4)空间索引

空间索引是对空间数据类型的字段建立的索引，MySQL中的空间数据类型有4中，分别是：geometry、point、linstring和polygon 。

MySQL使用SPATIAL关键字进行扩展，使得能够用于创建空间索引的列，必须将其声明为NOT NULL，空间索引只能在存储引擎为MyISAM的表中创建。

5.创建索引的规则

(1)创建索引并非是越多越好，一个表中如果有大量的索引，不仅占用磁盘空间，而且会影响insert、delete、update等语句的性能。因为当表中的数据更改时，索引也会进行调整和更新。

(2)数据量小得表最好不要创建索引，由于数据较少，查询花费的时间可能比遍历索引的时间还要长。

(3)避免对经常更新的数据创建索引。而对经常用于查询的字段应该创建索引。

(4)在条件表达式中经常用到的不同值较多的列创建索引

(5)当唯一性是某种数据本身的特征时，我们创建唯一性索引

(6)在频繁进行排序或分组的列上建立索引，如果排序的列有多个，可以创建组合索引

二、创建表的同时创建索引

Create index 创建索引 alter table 添加索引 Create table 表名[字段名数据类型] [unique唯一索引|fulltext全文索引|spatial空间索引] [index|key] [索引名] (col_name [length]) [asc |desc]

语法帮助：

mysql> help index Many help items for your request exist. To make a more specific request, please type 'help <item>', where <item> is one of the following topics: ALTER TABLE CACHE INDEX CREATE INDEX CREATE TABLE DROP INDEX JOIN LOAD INDEX SHOW SHOW INDEX SPATIAL INDEXES mysql> help create index Name: 'CREATE INDEX' Description: Syntax: CREATE [UNIQUE | FULLTEXT | SPATIAL] INDEX index_name [index_type] ON tbl_name (key_part,...) [index_option] [algorithm_option | lock_option] ... key_part: col_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC] index_option: { KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value | index_type | WITH PARSER parser_name | COMMENT 'string' } index_type: USING {BTREE | HASH} algorithm_option: ALGORITHM [=] {DEFAULT | INPLACE | COPY} lock_option: LOCK [=] {DEFAULT | NONE | SHARED | EXCLUSIVE} Normally, you create all indexes on a table at the time the table itself is created with CREATE TABLE. See [HELP CREATE TABLE]. This guideline is especially important for InnoDB tables, where the primary key determines the physical layout of rows in the data file. CREATE INDEX enables you to add indexes to existing tables. CREATE INDEX is mapped to an ALTER TABLE statement to create indexes. See [HELP ALTER TABLE]. CREATE INDEX cannot be used to create a PRIMARY KEY; use ALTER TABLE instead. For more information about indexes, see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/mysql-indexes.html. URL: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-index.html mysql>

1.普通索引 index

创建普通索引：普通索引是最基础的索引类型，没有唯一性的限制。作用是只加快对数据的访问速度。

查看创建的索引

mysql> show create table book\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: book Create Table: CREATE TABLE `book` ( `bookid` int(11) NOT NULL, `bookname` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `authors` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `info` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `comment` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `year_publication` year(4) NOT NULL, KEY `year_publication` (`year_publication`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

用explain 判断索引是否正在被使用

mysql> explain select * from book where year_publication=1999\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: book partitions: NULL type: ref possible_keys: year_publication key: year_publication key_len: 1 ref: const rows: 1 filtered: 100.00 Extra: Using index condition 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> explain select * from book where bookname="xxxx"\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: book partitions: NULL type: ALL possible_keys: NULL key: NULL key_len: NULL ref: NULL rows: 1 filtered: 100.00 Extra: Using where 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql>

TYPE的取值范围有：System const ref eq_ref index all range

system>const>eq_ref>ref>range>index>ALL 越往左边，性能越高，比如system就比ALL类型性能要高出许多，其中system、const只是理想类型，基本达不到；

我们自己实际能优化到ref>range这两个类型，就是你自己写SQL，如果你没优化基本上就是ALL，如果你优化了，那就尽量达到ref>range这两个级别；

左边基本达不到！

所以，要对type优化的前提是，你需要有索引，如果你连索引都没有创建，那你就不用优化了，肯定是ALL…；

2.唯一索引 unique index

创建唯一索引：唯一索引主要原因是减少查询索引列操作的执行时间。尤其是对比比较庞大的数据表。与普通索引类似，不同点在于：索引列的值必须唯一，但允许有空值。如果是组合索引，则列值的组合必须唯一。

案例一：

Database changed mysql> create table t1( -> id int not null, #不能为空 -> name char(30) not null, -> unique index UnidIdx(id)); #唯一索引 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.64 sec) mysql>

查看创建的索引

mysql> show create table t1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t1 Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t1` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `name` char(30) NOT NULL, UNIQUE KEY `UnidIdx` (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> desc t1; +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | #PRI自动创建的 | name | char(30) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t1 values(1,"zhao"); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t1(name) values("qian"); ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value #报错原因：id不能为空，必须填写 mysql> insert into t1 values(1,"qian"); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'UnidIdx' #报错原因：id为主键，不能重复 mysql>

案例二：

mysql> create table tt1( -> id int , #可以为空 -> name char(30) not null, -> unique index UnidIdx(id)); #唯一索引 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.53 sec) mysql>

查看创建的索引

mysql> show create table tt1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: tt1 Create Table: CREATE TABLE `tt1` ( `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `name` char(30) NOT NULL, UNIQUE KEY `UnidIdx` (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> desc tt1; +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | UNI | NULL | | #唯一的 | name | char(30) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt1 values(1,"zhao"); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt1(name) values("qian"); #此时id可以为空 Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt1 values(1,"qian"); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'UnidIdx' #报错原因：id为UnidIdx，是唯一的不能重复 mysql>

3.单列索引

单列索引：是在数据表中的某一字段上创建的索引，一个表中可以创建多个单列索引。

mysql> create table t2( -> id int not null, -> name char(30) null, -> index singleIdx(name)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql>

查看创建的索引

mysql> desc t2; +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | | name | char(30) | YES | MUL | NULL | | #MUL单列索引 +-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.02 sec) mysql> show create table t2\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t2 Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t2` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `name` char(30) DEFAULT NULL, KEY `singleIdx` (`name`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t2 values(1,"zhao"); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t2 values(1,"zhao"); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t2(id) values(2); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t2; +----+------+ | id | name | +----+------+ | 1 | zhao | | 1 | zhao | #可重复，没有什么约束 | 2 | NULL | +----+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

4.组合索引

组合索引：是在多个字段上创建一个索引。

**遵循最左前缀原则。**最左前缀：索引最左边的列来匹配行

mysql> create table t3( -> id int not null, -> name char(30) not null, -> age int not null, -> info varchar(255), -> index MultiIdx(id,name,age)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.13 sec) mysql>

查看创建的索引

mysql> desc t3; +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | MUL | NULL | | #MUL，因为创建时id在最前面 | name | char(30) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | | info | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.04 sec) mysql> show create table t3\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t3 Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t3` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `name` char(30) NOT NULL, `age` int(11) NOT NULL, `info` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, KEY `MultiIdx` (`id`,`name`,`age`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t3 values(1,"zhao",38,"xxxx"); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t3 values(1,"qian",38,"xxxx"); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t3 values(1,"qian",38,"xxxx"); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t3; +----+------+-----+------+ | id | name | age | info | +----+------+-----+------+ | 1 | zhao | 38 | xxxx | | 1 | qian | 38 | xxxx | | 1 | qian | 38 | xxxx | +----+------+-----+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

组合索引可以起几个索引的作用，但是使用时并不是随意查询哪个字段都是可以使用索引。而是遵循最左前缀：利用索引中最左边的列集来匹配行。这样的列集称为最左前缀。

mysql> explain select * from t3 where id=123\G #查询id显示使用了索引 *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: t3 partitions: NULL type: ref possible_keys: MultiIdx key: MultiIdx key_len: 4 ref: const rows: 1 filtered: 100.00 Extra: NULL 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> explain select * from t3 where name="zhao"\G #查询name不显示使用了索引 *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: t3 partitions: NULL type: ALL possible_keys: NULL key: NULL key_len: NULL ref: NULL rows: 3 filtered: 33.33 Extra: Using where 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> explain select * from t3 where age=18\G #查询age不显示使用了索引 *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: t3 partitions: NULL type: ALL possible_keys: NULL key: NULL key_len: NULL ref: NULL rows: 3 filtered: 33.33 Extra: Using where 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.01 sec) mysql> explain select * from t3 where id=123 and name="zhao"\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: t3 partitions: NULL type: ref possible_keys: MultiIdx key: MultiIdx key_len: 64 ref: const,const rows: 1 filtered: 100.00 Extra: NULL 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.04 sec) mysql> explain select * from t3 where id=123 and name="zhao" and age=18\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: t3 partitions: NULL type: ref possible_keys: MultiIdx key: MultiIdx key_len: 68 ref: const,const,const rows: 1 filtered: 100.00 Extra: NULL 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.52 sec) mysql> explain select * from t3 where name="zhao" and age=18\G *************************** 1. row *************************** id: 1 select_type: SIMPLE table: t3 partitions: NULL type: ALL possible_keys: NULL key: NULL key_len: NULL ref: NULL rows: 3 filtered: 33.33 Extra: Using where 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql>

5.全文索引 fulltext index

全文索引：FULLTEXT，可以用于全文搜索，只有MyISAM存储引擎支持，并且只为CHAR\VARCHAR和TEXT 列。索引总是对整个列进行，不支持局部索引，适合大型数据的表创建

案例一：

mysql> create table t4( -> id int not null, -> name char(30) not null, -> age int not null, -> info varchar(255), -> fulltext index fullIdx(info(100))); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.30 sec) mysql>

查看创建的索引

mysql> desc t4; +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | | name | char(30) | NO | | NULL | | | age | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | | info | varchar(255) | YES | MUL | NULL | | +-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show create table t4\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t4 Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t4` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `name` char(30) NOT NULL, `age` int(11) NOT NULL, `info` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, FULLTEXT KEY `fullIdx` (`info`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t4 values (1,"test1",18,"One is always on a strange road, watching strange scenery and listening to strange music. Then one day, you will find that the things you try hard to forget are already gone."); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into t4 values (2,"test2",19,"Love is a lamp, while friendship is the shadow. When the lamp is off,you will find the shadow everywhere. Friend is who can give you strength at last."); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t4 values (3,"test3",20,"Happiness is not about being immortal nor having food or rights in one's hand. It’s about having each tiny wish come true, or having something to eat when you are hungry or having someone's love when you need love."); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.61 sec) mysql> insert into t4 values (4,"test4",21,"Don’t forget the things you once you owned. Treasure the things you can’t get. Don't give up the things that belong to you and keep those lost things in memory."); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec) mysql> insert into t4 values (5,"test5",22,"No matter how cruel the destiny treats one with tribulation and misfortune, it will correspondingly treat him with happiness and sweetness. Even if the happiness is short and false, it's enough to light up the whole future life."); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t4; #查看全表 +----+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | name | age | info | +----+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | test1 | 18 | One is always on a strange road, watching strange scenery and listening to strange music. Then one day, you will find that the things you try hard to forget are already gone. | | 2 | test2 | 19 | Love is a lamp, while friendship is the shadow. When the lamp is off,you will find the shadow everywhere. Friend is who can give you strength at last. | | 3 | test3 | 20 | Happiness is not about being immortal nor having food or rights in one's hand. It’s about having each tiny wish come true, or having something to eat when you are hungry or having someone's love when you need love. | | 4 | test4 | 21 | Don’t forget the things you once you owned. Treasure the things you can’t get. Don't give up the things that belong to you and keep those lost things in memory. | | 5 | test5 | 22 | No matter how cruel the destiny treats one with tribulation and misfortune, it will correspondingly treat him with happiness and sweetness. Even if the happiness is short and false, it's enough to light up the whole future life. | +----+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> select * from t4 where match(info) against("one"); #检索one这个单词 +----+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | name | age | info | +----+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | test1 | 18 | One is always on a strange road, watching strange scenery and listening to strange music. Then one day, you will find that the things you try hard to forget are already gone. | | 3 | test3 | 20 | Happiness is not about being immortal nor having food or rights in one's hand. It’s about having each tiny wish come true, or having something to eat when you are hungry or having someone's love when you need love. | | 5 | test5 | 22 | No matter how cruel the destiny treats one with tribulation and misfortune, it will correspondingly treat him with happiness and sweetness. Even if the happiness is short and false, it's enough to light up the whole future life. | +----+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.07 sec) mysql> mysql> select * from t4 where match(info) against("everywhere"); #检索everywhere这个单词 +----+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | name | age | info | +----+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 2 | test2 | 19 | Love is a lamp, while friendship is the shadow. When the lamp is off,you will find the shadow everywhere. Friend is who can give you strength at last. | +----+-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into t4 values (6,"test6",23,"冷暖百态，韶华知味，时光深处，有多少喜怒哀乐，演绎在游离的梦寐。青涩动荡的年代，没来得及惜别，也没来得及成熟，就悄然溜走。荣辱得失，聚散离合，如云卷云舒，没有谁能抓在手里肆意掌控。"); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from t4 where match(info) against("韶华"); #但是这种查找是不能看中文的，要想查看必须使用分词器 Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql>

查看MySQL自带的分词器

mysql> help against Name: 'MATCH AGAINST' Description: Syntax: MATCH (col1,col2,...) AGAINST (expr [search_modifier]) MySQL has support for full-text indexing and searching: o A full-text index in MySQL is an index of type FULLTEXT. o Full-text indexes can be used only with InnoDB or MyISAM tables, and can be created only for CHAR, VARCHAR, or TEXT columns. o MySQL provides a built-in full-text ngram parser that supports Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK), and an installable MeCab full-text parser plugin for Japanese. Parsing differences are outlined in https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/fulltext-search-ngram.html, and https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/fulltext-search-mecab.html. #MySQL提供了内置的全文ngram解析器，支持中文、日文、韩文(CJK)，可安装MeCab全文解析器插件，用于日语。 o A FULLTEXT index definition can be given in the CREATE TABLE statement when a table is created, or added later using ALTER TABLE or CREATE INDEX. o For large data sets, it is much faster to load your data into a table that has no FULLTEXT index and then create the index after that, than to load data into a table that has an existing FULLTEXT index. Full-text searching is performed using MATCH() ... AGAINST syntax. MATCH() takes a comma-separated list that names the columns to be searched. AGAINST takes a string to search for, and an optional modifier that indicates what type of search to perform. The search string must be a string value that is constant during query evaluation. This rules out, for example, a table column because that can differ for each row. There are three types of full-text searches: o A natural language search interprets the search string as a phrase in natural human language (a phrase in free text). There are no special operators, with the exception of double quote (") characters. The stopword list applies. For more information about stopword lists, see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/fulltext-stopwords.html. Full-text searches are natural language searches if the IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE modifier is given or if no modifier is given. For more information, see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/fulltext-natural-language.htm l. o A boolean search interprets the search string using the rules of a special query language. The string contains the words to search for. It can also contain operators that specify requirements such that a word must be present or absent in matching rows, or that it should be weighted higher or lower than usual. Certain common words (stopwords) are omitted from the search index and do not match if present in the search string. The IN BOOLEAN MODE modifier specifies a boolean search. For more information, see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/fulltext-boolean.html. o A query expansion search is a modification of a natural language search. The search string is used to perform a natural language search. Then words from the most relevant rows returned by the search are added to the search string and the search is done again. The query returns the rows from the second search. The IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE WITH QUERY EXPANSION or WITH QUERY EXPANSION modifier specifies a query expansion search. For more information, see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/fulltext-query-expansion.html . URL: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/fulltext-search.html Examples: mysql> SELECT id, body, MATCH (title,body) AGAINST ('Security implications of running MySQL as root' IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE) AS score FROM articles WHERE MATCH (title,body) AGAINST ('Security implications of running MySQL as root' IN NATURAL LANGUAGE MODE); +----+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | id | body | score | +----+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ | 4 | 1. Never run mysqld as root. 2. ... | 1.5219271183014 | | 6 | When configured properly, MySQL ... | 1.3114095926285 | +----+-------------------------------------+-----------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

案例二：

mysql> create table tt4( -> id int not null, -> title varchar(255), -> content text, -> fulltext index fulltext_title_content(title,content) with parser ngram); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.71 sec) mysql>

查看创建的索引

mysql> desc tt4; +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | | title | varchar(255) | YES | MUL | NULL | | | content | text | YES | | NULL | | +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt4 values(1,'test1','人活一世，世事多艰，很多事情无能为力，很多委屈生生咽下。最愚笨的，是陷入一种困境，忘记天地很宽，路的尽头还能转弯。其实，这人生啊，就是一次体验爱与恨，聚与散，悲与欢的过程。'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec) mysql> insert into tt4 values(2,'test2','或许，每一个卑微的灵魂深处，都藏着一份无可言说的苦涩。别人觉得你无坚不摧，却不知你笑容的背后.苦熬了多少个春秋。'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt4 values(3,'test3','读懂了生命之重，也看淡了得失之轻，人生最重要的，莫过于内心的自足。一颗自足的心，可跳出世俗的贪念，一边大大咧咧苟且着，一边怀着深情诗意着。不羡慕谁，不埋怨谁，在阳光下灿烂，在风雨中也从容。'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from tt4; #查看全表 +----+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | title | content | +----+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | test1 | 人活一世，世事多艰，很多事情无能为力，很多委屈生生咽下。最愚笨的，是陷入一种困境，忘记天地很宽，路的尽头还能转弯。其实，这人生啊，就是一次体验爱与恨，聚与散，悲与欢的过程。 | | 2 | test2 | 或许，每一个卑微的灵魂深处，都藏着一份无可言说的苦涩。别人觉得你无坚不摧，却不知你笑容的背后，苦熬了多少个春秋。 | | 3 | test3 | 读懂了生命之重，也看淡了得失之轻，人生最重要的，莫过于内心的自足。一颗自足的心，可跳出世俗的贪念，一边大大咧咧苟且着，一边怀着深情诗意着。不羡慕谁，不埋怨谁，在阳光下灿烂，在风雨中也从容。 | +----+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt4 where match(title,content) against("灵魂"); #可搜索文字 +----+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | title | content | +----+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 2 | test2 | 或许，每一个卑微的灵魂深处，都藏着一份无可言说的苦涩。别人觉得你无坚不摧，却不知你笑容的背后，苦熬了多少个春秋。 | +----+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

6.空间索引 spatial index

空间索引：必须在MyISAM类型的表中创建，且空间类型的字段必须为非空。创建

mysql> create table t5( -> g geometry not null, -> spatial index spaIdx(g)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.57 sec) mysql>

查看创建的索引

三、在已存在的表上创建索引（修改表Alter table）

1.基本语法

Alter table 表名 add [unique唯一索引|fulltext全文索引|spatial空间索引] [index|key] [默认索引名] (定义索引名[length]) [asc|desc]

2.添加普通索引

查看索引

mysql> desc book; +------------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +------------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | bookid | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | | bookname | varchar(255) | NO | MUL | NULL | | | authors | varchar(255) | NO | | NULL | | | info | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | | | comment | varchar(255) | YES | | NULL | | | year_publication | year(4) | NO | MUL | NULL | | +------------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show create table book\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: book Create Table: CREATE TABLE `book` ( `bookid` int(11) NOT NULL, `bookname` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `authors` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `info` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `comment` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `year_publication` year(4) NOT NULL, KEY `year_publication` (`year_publication`), KEY `BKNameIdx` (`bookname`(30)) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show index from book\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: book Non_unique: 1 Key_name: year_publication Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: year_publication Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: book Non_unique: 1 Key_name: BKNameIdx Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: bookname Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: 30 Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

3.添加唯一索引

mysql> alter table book add unique index uniqIdx(bookid); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.55 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql>

查看索引

4.添加单列索引

mysql> alter table book add index BKIdex(comment(50)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql>

查看索引

5.添加全文索引

mysql> create table t6( -> id int not null, -> info char(255)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> alter table t6 add fulltext index InfoFullIdx(info); Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.27 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 1 mysql>

查看索引

6.添加组合索引

mysql> alter table book add index BKAUthAndInfoIdx(authors(20),info(50)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql>

查看索引

mysql> show index from book\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: book Non_unique: 0 Key_name: uniqIdx Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: bookid Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: book Non_unique: 1 Key_name: year_publication Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: year_publication Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 3. row *************************** Table: book Non_unique: 1 Key_name: BKNameIdx Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: bookname Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: 30 Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 4. row *************************** Table: book Non_unique: 1 Key_name: BKIdex Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: comment Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: 50 Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 5. row *************************** Table: book Non_unique: 1 Key_name: BKAUthAndInfoIdx Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: authors Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: 20 Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 6. row *************************** Table: book Non_unique: 1 Key_name: BKAUthAndInfoIdx Seq_in_index: 2 Column_name: info Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: 50 Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

7.添加空间索引

mysql> create table t7( -> g geometry not null); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.51 sec) mysql> alter table t7 add spatial index spatIdx(g); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql>

查看索引

四、在已存在的表上创建索引（创建表Create index）

1.语法

Create index 已存在的表上创建索引 Create [unique唯一性索引|fulltext全文索引|spatial空间索引] index 索引名 On 表名（col_name[lenth]..）[asc|desc]

用create table创建的索引可以不添加索引名（不添加索引名默认为字段名）但是用create index 添加索引名必须加索引名

创建一个book1的表

2.普通索引

3.单列索引

mysql> create index bkcmtIdex on book1(comment); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show index from book1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: book1 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: bknameidex Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: bookname Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: book1 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: bkcmtIdex Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: comment Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

4.组合索引

mysql> create index BKAuthAndInfoIdex on book1(authors(30),info(50)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show index from book1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: book1 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: bknameidex Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: bookname Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: book1 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: bkcmtIdex Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: comment Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 3. row *************************** Table: book1 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: BKAuthAndInfoIdex Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: authors Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: 30 Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 4. row *************************** Table: book1 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: BKAuthAndInfoIdex Seq_in_index: 2 Column_name: info Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: 50 Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

5.全文索引

mysql> create table tt6( -> id int not null, -> info char(255)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> create fulltext index fullIdex on tt6(info); Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.24 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 1 mysql> show index from tt6\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: tt6 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: fullIdex Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: info Collation: NULL Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: FULLTEXT Comment: Index_comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

6.唯一索引

mysql> create unique index UniqIdx on book1(bookid); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show index from book1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: book1 Non_unique: 0 Key_name: UniqIdx Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: bookid Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 2. row *************************** Table: book1 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: bknameidex Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: bookname Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 3. row *************************** Table: book1 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: bkcmtIdex Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: comment Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: NULL Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 4. row *************************** Table: book1 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: BKAuthAndInfoIdex Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: authors Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: 30 Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: *************************** 5. row *************************** Table: book1 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: BKAuthAndInfoIdex Seq_in_index: 2 Column_name: info Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: 50 Packed: NULL Null: YES Index_type: BTREE Comment: Index_comment: 5 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

7.空间索引

mysql> create table tt7 (g geometry not null); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> create spatial index SpaIdx on tt7(g); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show index from tt7\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: tt7 Non_unique: 1 Key_name: SpaIdx Seq_in_index: 1 Column_name: g Collation: A Cardinality: 0 Sub_part: 32 Packed: NULL Null: Index_type: SPATIAL Comment: Index_comment: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

五、删除索引

Alter table 表名 drop index 索引名；

查看book中有多少索引，准备开始删除

mysql> show create table book1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: book1 Create Table: CREATE TABLE `book1` ( `bookid` int(11) NOT NULL, `bookname` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `authors` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `info` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `comment` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `year_publication` year(4) NOT NULL, UNIQUE KEY `UniqIdx` (`bookid`), KEY `bknameidex` (`bookname`), KEY `bkcmtIdex` (`comment`), KEY `BKAuthAndInfoIdex` (`authors`(30),`info`(50)) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

1.用ALTER TABLE 删除

mysql> alter table book1 drop index bknameidex; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show create table book1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: book1 Create Table: CREATE TABLE `book1` ( `bookid` int(11) NOT NULL, `bookname` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `authors` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `info` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `comment` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `year_publication` year(4) NOT NULL, UNIQUE KEY `UniqIdx` (`bookid`), KEY `bkcmtIdex` (`comment`), KEY `BKAuthAndInfoIdex` (`authors`(30),`info`(50)) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

添加AUTO_INCREMENT 的约束字段的唯一索引不能删除

2.用DROP INDEX删除

mysql> drop index BKAuthAndInfoIdex on book1; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show create table book1\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: book1 Create Table: CREATE TABLE `book1` ( `bookid` int(11) NOT NULL, `bookname` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `authors` varchar(255) NOT NULL, `info` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `comment` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL, `year_publication` year(4) NOT NULL, UNIQUE KEY `UniqIdx` (`bookid`), KEY `bkcmtIdex` (`comment`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gb2312 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql>

删除表中的列时，如果要删除的列为索引的组成部分，则该列也会从索引中删除。如果组成索引的所有列都被删除，那么整个索引将被删除。这只是我的一些浅薄的见解，望多指教！

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