url和uri区别

tech2022-08-13  121

 这两天在写代码的时候,由于涉及到资源的位置,因此,需要在Java Bean中定义一些字段,用来表示资源的位置,比如:imgUrl,logoUri等等。但是,每次定义的时候,心里都很纠结,是该用imgUrl还是imgUri呢?

同样的,另外一个问题:String HttpServletRequest.getRequestURI();和StringBuffer HttpServletRequest.getRequestURL();返回的内容有何不同?为什么会如此?

带着这些问题到网上去搜了下,没发现让自己看了明白的解释,于是,想到了Java类库里有两个对应的类java.net.URI和java.net.URL,终于,在这两个类里的javadoc里找到了答案。

URIs, URLs, and URNs

首先,URI,是uniform resource identifier,统一资源标识符,用来唯一的标识一个资源。而URL是uniform resource locator,统一资源定位器,它是一种具体的URI,即URL可以用来标识一个资源,而且还指明了如何locate这个资源。而URN,uniform resource name,统一资源命名,是通过名字来标识资源,比如mailto:java-net@java.sun.com。也就是说,URI是以一种抽象的,高层次概念定义统一资源标识,而URL和URN则是具体的资源标识的方式。URL和URN都是一种URI。

在Java的URI中,一个URI实例可以代表绝对的,也可以是相对的,只要它符合URI的语法规则。而URL类则不仅符合语义,还包含了定位该资源的信息,因此它不能是相对的,schema必须被指定。

ok,现在回答文章开头提出的问题,到底是imgUrl好呢,还是imgUri好?显然,如果说imgUri是肯定没问题的,因为即使它实际上是url,那它也是uri的一种。那么用imgUrl有没有问题呢?此时则要看它的可能取值,如果是绝对路径,能够定位的,那么用imgUrl是没问题的,而如果是相对路径,那还是不要用ImgUrl的好。总之,用imgUri是肯定没问题的,而用imgUrl则要视实际情况而定。

第二个,从HttpServletRequest的javadoc中可以看出,getRequestURI返回一个String,“the part of this request’s URL from the protocol name up to the query string in the first line of the HTTP request”,比如“POST /some/path.html?a=b HTTP/1.1”,则返回的值为”/some/path.html”。现在可以明白为什么是getRequestURI而不是getRequestURL了,因为此处返回的是相对的路径。而getRequestURL返回一个StringBuffer,“The returned URL contains a protocol, server name, port number, and server path, but it does not include query string parameters.”,完整的请求资源路径,不包括querystring。

总结一下:URL是一种具体的URI,它不仅唯一标识资源,而且还提供了定位该资源的信息。URI是一种语义上的抽象概念,可以是绝对的,也可以是相对的,而URL则必须提供足够的信息来定位,所以,是绝对的,而通常说的relative URL,则是针对另一个absolute URL,本质上还是绝对的。

注:这里的绝对(absolute)是指包含scheme,而相对(relative)则不包含scheme。

URI抽象结构 [scheme:]scheme-specific-part[#fragment]

[scheme:][//authority][path][?query][#fragment]

authority为[user-info@]host[:port]

参考资料:

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/api/java/net/URI.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier

http://docs.oracle.com/javaee/5/api/javax/servlet/http/HttpServletRequest.html

ps:

java.net.URL类不提供对标准RFC2396规定的特殊字符的转义,因此需要调用者自己对URL各组成部分进行encode。而java.net.URI则会提供转义功能。因此The recommended way to manage the encoding and decoding of URLs is to use java.net.URI. 可以使用URI.toURL()和URL.toURI()方法来对两个类型的对象互相转换。对于HTML FORM的url encode/decode可以使用java.net.URLEncoder和java.net.URLDecoder来完成,但是对URL对象不适用。

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